diff --git a/frontend/src/components/gis/map.cesium.ts b/frontend/src/components/gis/map.cesium.ts
index 61cc9271..2b7079ca 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/gis/map.cesium.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/components/gis/map.cesium.ts
@@ -2,12 +2,25 @@
 import type { MDOptions } from './map.class';
 import type { MapInterface, layer } from './map.d';
 import { getIconPath } from '@/utils/index';
+import {
+  generatePopupHtml,
+  shouldPreferEng2Popup
+} from '@/utils/popupHtmlGenerator';
 import { useModelStore } from '@/store/modules/model';
 
 export class MapCesium implements MapInterface {
   private viewer: Cesium.Viewer | null = null;
   private clickEventHandler: Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventHandler | null = null;
   private popupElement: HTMLElement | null = null;
+  private hoveredEntityId: string | null = null;
+  private removePostRenderListener: (() => void) | null = null;
+  private isBatchPopupMode = false;
+  private batchPopupContainer: HTMLDivElement | null = null;
+  private batchPopupItems: Array<{
+    entity: Cesium.Entity;
+    element: HTMLDivElement;
+  }> = [];
+  private batchPostRenderRemover: (() => void) | null = null;
   private containerId = '';
   private containerElement: HTMLElement | null = null;
   private loadingOverlayElement: HTMLDivElement | null = null;
@@ -48,6 +61,8 @@ export class MapCesium implements MapInterface {
   private readonly CESIUM_ZOOM_FORMULA_B = 0.00007096758;
   private readonly CESIUM_ZOOM_FORMULA_C = 91610.74;
   private readonly CESIUM_ZOOM_FORMULA_D = -40467.74;
+  private readonly HOVER_POPUP_MAX_HEIGHT = 9_000_000; // ~zoom 4.5，中国视角以上不触发 hover
+  private readonly BATCH_POPUP_MODE_ZOOM = 15; // zoom >= 15 进入批量固定模式
 
   // 图标缩放可调参数（只影响 3D Cesium，不参与 2D 计算）
   // scale = base + (zoom - 4.5) * rate，钳位到 [min, max]
@@ -115,6 +130,7 @@ export class MapCesium implements MapInterface {
       await this.flyToChina();
 
       this.setupClickHandler();
+      this.setupCameraPopupReset();
 
       return this.viewer;
     } catch (error) {
@@ -250,23 +266,58 @@ export class MapCesium implements MapInterface {
     // 默认箭头光标，与 2D 一致（不显示拖拽小手）
     canvas.style.cursor = 'default';
 
-    // 悬停锚点时显示 pointer
+    // 鼠标移动：光标样式 + hover popup（批量模式下只改光标）
     this.clickEventHandler.setInputAction(
       (move: { endPosition: Cesium.Cartesian2 }) => {
         const scene = this.viewer?.scene;
         if (!scene) return;
+
+        const cameraHeight = this.getCurrentCameraHeight();
+        // 缩放门槛：中国视角以上不触发 hover
+        if (cameraHeight > this.HOVER_POPUP_MAX_HEIGHT) {
+          canvas.style.cursor = 'default';
+          this.hidePopup();
+          return;
+        }
+
         const picked = scene.pick(move.endPosition);
-        canvas.style.cursor =
-          Cesium.defined(picked) &&
-          picked.id &&
-          (picked.id as any).properties?._layerKey
-            ? 'pointer'
-            : 'default';
+        const entity =
+          Cesium.defined(picked) && picked.id instanceof Cesium.Entity
+            ? (picked.id as Cesium.Entity)
+            : null;
+
+        // 检测是否命中可交互的锚点
+        if (entity && this.isEntityInteractive(entity)) {
+          canvas.style.cursor = 'pointer';
+
+          // 批量模式下单点 hover 不触发 popup
+          if (this.isBatchPopupMode) return;
+
+          // 同一个实体不重复刷新
+          if (this.hoveredEntityId === entity.id) {
+            const position = entity.position?.getValue(
+              this.viewer!.clock.currentTime
+            );
+            if (position) {
+              this.updatePopupPosition(position);
+            }
+            return;
+          }
+
+          this.showPopupForEntity(entity);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        canvas.style.cursor = 'default';
+        // 批量模式下不隐藏批量 popup
+        if (!this.isBatchPopupMode) {
+          this.hidePopup();
+        }
       },
       Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.MOUSE_MOVE
     );
 
-    // 点击：先强制渲染一帧确保 scene.pick 不阻塞，然后打开详情弹框
+    // 点击：打开详情弹框
     this.clickEventHandler.setInputAction(
       (click: { position: Cesium.Cartesian2 }) => {
         const scene = this.viewer?.scene;
@@ -276,16 +327,10 @@ export class MapCesium implements MapInterface {
         if (!Cesium.defined(picked) || !picked.id) return;
 
         const entity = picked.id as Cesium.Entity;
-        const bag = (entity as any).properties;
-        if (!bag?._layerKey) return;
+        if (!this.isEntityInteractive(entity)) return;
 
-        // 直接读取原始数据引用,避免 Cesium Property getValue 遍历开销
         const rawData: Record<string, any> = (entity as any)._rawData || {};
 
-        if (this.popupElement) {
-          this.popupElement.style.display = 'none';
-        }
-
         if (rawData.sttpMap === 'ylfb') {
           modelStore.ylfbModalVisible = true;
           modelStore.params = rawData;
@@ -299,9 +344,420 @@ export class MapCesium implements MapInterface {
     );
   }
 
+  // ==================== Step 5: hover popup + 批量 popup ====================
+
+  /** 监听相机移动结束：检测缩放阈值切换批量模式 */
+  private setupCameraPopupReset() {
+    if (!this.viewer) return;
+
+    if (this.removePostRenderListener) {
+      this.removePostRenderListener();
+      this.removePostRenderListener = null;
+    }
+
+    this.removePostRenderListener = this.viewer.camera.moveEnd.addEventListener(
+      () => {
+        const zoom = this.getZoomLevelFromCameraHeight(
+          this.getCurrentCameraHeight()
+        );
+
+        if (zoom >= this.BATCH_POPUP_MODE_ZOOM) {
+          if (!this.isBatchPopupMode) {
+            this.enableBatchPopupMode();
+          }
+          // 已处于批量模式时不做重建（postRender 已持续更新位置），
+          // 避免 clear+rebuild 产生空白帧闪烁
+        } else {
+          if (this.isBatchPopupMode) {
+            this.disableBatchPopupMode();
+          }
+          // hover popup 重定位而非隐藏，避免缩放结束后闪烁
+          if (this.hoveredEntityId) {
+            this.repositionHoverPopup();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** 根据 hoveredEntityId 重定位 popup（相机移动后调用，不重建内容） */
+  private repositionHoverPopup(): void {
+    if (!this.viewer || !this.popupElement || !this.hoveredEntityId) return;
+    const entity = this.viewer.entities.getById(this.hoveredEntityId);
+    if (!entity || !entity.position) {
+      this.hidePopup();
+      return;
+    }
+    const position = entity.position.getValue(this.viewer.clock.currentTime);
+    if (!position) {
+      this.hidePopup();
+      return;
+    }
+    this.updatePopupPosition(position);
+  }
+
+  /** 批量模式下每帧更新 popup 位置，实现流畅跟随拖拽 */
+  private setupBatchPopupPostRenderSync() {
+    if (!this.viewer || this.batchPostRenderRemover) return;
+    this.batchPostRenderRemover = this.viewer.scene.postRender.addEventListener(
+      () => {
+        if (!this.isBatchPopupMode) return;
+        this.updateBatchPopupPositions();
+      }
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** 停止每帧同步 */
+  private clearBatchPopupPostRenderSync() {
+    if (this.batchPostRenderRemover) {
+      this.batchPostRenderRemover();
+      this.batchPostRenderRemover = null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** 获取当前相机高度（米） */
+  private getCurrentCameraHeight(): number {
+    if (!this.viewer) return Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    const height = this.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height;
+    if (!height || !isFinite(height) || height <= 0) {
+      return Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    }
+    return height;
+  }
+
+  /** 将相机高度映射为近似 2D zoom 级别（与 getCurrentCesiumZoom 同公式） */
+  private getZoomLevelFromCameraHeight(height: number): number {
+    const zoom =
+      this.CESIUM_ZOOM_FORMULA_D +
+      (this.CESIUM_ZOOM_FORMULA_A - this.CESIUM_ZOOM_FORMULA_D) /
+        (1 +
+          Math.pow(
+            height / this.CESIUM_ZOOM_FORMULA_C,
+            this.CESIUM_ZOOM_FORMULA_B
+          )) +
+      1;
+    return zoom > -1 ? zoom : 0;
+  }
+
+  /** 判断实体当前是否可交互（图层可见 + 图例可见 + 区域可见） */
+  private isEntityInteractive(entity: Cesium.Entity): boolean {
+    const e = entity as any;
+    if (e._layerVisible === false) return false;
+    if (e._legendVisible === false) return false;
+    if (e._regionVisible === false) return false;
+    if (entity.show === false) return false;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /** 根据实体属性生成 popup HTML，复用 generatePopupHtml */
+  private getPopupHtml(rawData: Record<string, any>): string {
+    return rawData.popupHtml || generatePopupHtml(rawData) || '';
+  }
+
+  /** 关闭单个 hover popup */
+  private hidePopup(): void {
+    this.hoveredEntityId = null;
+    if (!this.popupElement) return;
+    this.popupElement.style.display = 'none';
+    this.popupElement.innerHTML = '';
+  }
+
+  /** 根据实体世界坐标把 popup 定位到屏幕坐标 */
+  private updatePopupPosition(position: Cesium.Cartesian3): void {
+    if (!this.viewer || !this.popupElement) return;
+
+    const canvasPosition = Cesium.SceneTransforms.worldToWindowCoordinates(
+      this.viewer.scene,
+      position
+    );
+
+    if (!canvasPosition) {
+      this.hidePopup();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.popupElement.style.left = `${canvasPosition.x}px`;
+    this.popupElement.style.top = `${canvasPosition.y}px`;
+    this.popupElement.style.display = 'block';
+  }
+
+  /** 读取实体原始数据并渲染 hover popup */
+  private showPopupForEntity(entity: Cesium.Entity): void {
+    if (!this.viewer || !this.popupElement || !entity.position) return;
+
+    const rawData: Record<string, any> = {
+      ...((entity as any)._rawData || {})
+    };
+    if (!rawData.sttpMap) {
+      rawData.sttpMap = rawData._sttpMap || rawData.popupSttpMap || '';
+    }
+    const popupHtml = this.getPopupHtml(rawData);
+    const position = entity.position.getValue(this.viewer.clock.currentTime);
+
+    if (!popupHtml || !position) {
+      this.hidePopup();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.popupElement.innerHTML = popupHtml;
+    this.hoveredEntityId = entity.id;
+    this.updatePopupPosition(position);
+  }
+
+  // ==================== 批量 popup ====================
+
+  /** 启用批量 popup：所有可见锚点固定显示 popup */
+  private enableBatchPopupMode() {
+    this.isBatchPopupMode = true;
+    this.clearBatchPopups();
+    this.showBatchPopups();
+    this.setupBatchPopupPostRenderSync();
+  }
+
+  /** 退出批量 popup */
+  private disableBatchPopupMode() {
+    this.isBatchPopupMode = false;
+    this.clearBatchPopupPostRenderSync();
+    this.clearBatchPopups();
+    this.hidePopup();
+  }
+
+  /** 遍历所有图层中交互可见且视口内的实体，分帧创建批量 popup（避免卡顿） */
+  private showBatchPopups() {
+    if (!this.viewer || !this.containerElement) return;
+
+    const batchContainer = document.createElement('div');
+    batchContainer.className = 'batch-popup-container';
+    batchContainer.style.cssText = `
+      position: absolute;
+      top: 0;
+      left: 0;
+      width: 100%;
+      height: 100%;
+      pointer-events: none;
+      z-index: 1000;
+    `;
+    batchContainer.id = 'batch-popup-container';
+    this.batchPopupContainer = batchContainer;
+    this.containerElement.appendChild(batchContainer);
+
+    const canvas = this.viewer.scene.canvas;
+    const viewW = canvas.clientWidth;
+    const viewH = canvas.clientHeight;
+    const padding = 60;
+
+    // 收集所有需要渲染的实体信息（含视口裁剪）
+    const candidates: Array<{
+      entity: Cesium.Entity;
+      x: number;
+      y: number;
+      popupHtml: string;
+    }> = [];
+
+    this.pointLayerRegistry.forEach(entities => {
+      entities.forEach(entity => {
+        if (!this.isEntityInteractive(entity)) return;
+        const position = entity.position?.getValue(
+          this.viewer!.clock.currentTime
+        );
+        if (!position) return;
+
+        const cp = Cesium.SceneTransforms.worldToWindowCoordinates(
+          this.viewer!.scene,
+          position
+        );
+        if (!cp) return;
+
+        // 视口裁剪：超出屏幕的直接跳过
+        if (
+          cp.x < -padding ||
+          cp.y < -padding ||
+          cp.x > viewW + padding ||
+          cp.y > viewH + padding
+        )
+          return;
+
+        const rawData: Record<string, any> = {
+          ...((entity as any)._rawData || {})
+        };
+        if (!rawData.sttpMap) {
+          rawData.sttpMap = rawData._sttpMap || rawData.popupSttpMap || '';
+        }
+
+        // 批量模式：eng 锚点优先用 eng2（详细数据），与 2D 对齐
+        const popupHtml = shouldPreferEng2Popup(rawData)
+          ? generatePopupHtml(rawData, { forceEng2: true }) ||
+            rawData.popupHtml ||
+            generatePopupHtml(rawData)
+          : this.getPopupHtml(rawData);
+        if (!popupHtml) return;
+
+        candidates.push({ entity, x: cp.x, y: cp.y, popupHtml });
+      });
+    });
+
+    // 分帧渲染，每帧最多 80 个，避免一次性 DOM 操作卡顿
+    let index = 0;
+    const CHUNK_SIZE = 80;
+    const placedPopups: Array<{
+      left: number;
+      right: number;
+      top: number;
+      bottom: number;
+    }> = [];
+
+    const processChunk = () => {
+      if (!this.isBatchPopupMode || !this.batchPopupContainer) return;
+
+      const end = Math.min(index + CHUNK_SIZE, candidates.length);
+      for (let i = index; i < end; i++) {
+        const { entity, x, y, popupHtml } = candidates[i];
+
+        const popupEl = document.createElement('div');
+        popupEl.className = 'map-popup-container';
+        popupEl.innerHTML = popupHtml;
+        popupEl.style.position = 'absolute';
+        popupEl.style.display = 'block';
+        popupEl.style.transform = 'translate(-50%, calc(-100% - 10px))';
+        popupEl.style.pointerEvents = 'none';
+
+        // 先隐藏测量尺寸
+        popupEl.style.visibility = 'hidden';
+        popupEl.style.left = `${x}px`;
+        popupEl.style.top = `${y}px`;
+        this.batchPopupContainer!.appendChild(popupEl);
+
+        const rect = popupEl.getBoundingClientRect();
+        const pw = rect.width || 120;
+        const ph = rect.height || 40;
+
+        const popupRect = {
+          left: x - pw / 2,
+          right: x + pw / 2,
+          top: y - 10 - ph,
+          bottom: y - 10
+        };
+
+        let hasCollision = false;
+        for (const placed of placedPopups) {
+          if (this.checkPopupCollision(popupRect, placed)) {
+            hasCollision = true;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (!hasCollision) {
+          popupEl.style.visibility = 'visible';
+          popupEl.style.left = `${x}px`;
+          popupEl.style.top = `${y}px`;
+          this.batchPopupItems.push({ entity, element: popupEl });
+          placedPopups.push(popupRect);
+        } else {
+          this.batchPopupContainer!.removeChild(popupEl);
+        }
+      }
+
+      index = end;
+      if (index < candidates.length && this.isBatchPopupMode) {
+        requestAnimationFrame(processChunk);
+      }
+    };
+
+    requestAnimationFrame(processChunk);
+  }
+
+  /** 每帧更新批量 popup 屏幕位置（不重建 DOM，拖拽时流畅跟随） */
+  private updateBatchPopupPositions() {
+    if (!this.viewer || !this.batchPopupContainer) return;
+    if (this.batchPopupItems.length === 0) return;
+
+    const canvas = this.viewer.scene.canvas;
+    const viewW = canvas.clientWidth;
+    const viewH = canvas.clientHeight;
+    const padding = 48;
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.batchPopupItems.length; i++) {
+      const { entity, element } = this.batchPopupItems[i];
+
+      if (!this.isEntityInteractive(entity)) {
+        element.style.display = 'none';
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const position = entity.position?.getValue(
+        this.viewer!.clock.currentTime
+      );
+      if (!position) {
+        element.style.display = 'none';
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const cp = Cesium.SceneTransforms.worldToWindowCoordinates(
+        this.viewer!.scene,
+        position
+      );
+      if (!cp) {
+        element.style.display = 'none';
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (
+        cp.x < -padding ||
+        cp.y < -padding ||
+        cp.x > viewW + padding ||
+        cp.y > viewH + padding
+      ) {
+        element.style.display = 'none';
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      element.style.left = `${cp.x}px`;
+      element.style.top = `${cp.y}px`;
+      element.style.display = 'block';
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** 清除所有批量 popup */
+  private clearBatchPopups() {
+    this.batchPopupItems = [];
+    if (this.batchPopupContainer) {
+      this.batchPopupContainer.remove();
+      this.batchPopupContainer = null;
+      return;
+    }
+    const existing = document.getElementById('batch-popup-container');
+    if (existing) {
+      existing.remove();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** 简单碰撞检测（AABB + padding） */
+  private checkPopupCollision(
+    a: { left: number; right: number; top: number; bottom: number },
+    b: { left: number; right: number; top: number; bottom: number }
+  ): boolean {
+    const padding = 4;
+    return !(
+      a.right + padding < b.left ||
+      a.left - padding > b.right ||
+      a.bottom + padding < b.top ||
+      a.top - padding > b.bottom
+    );
+  }
+
+  // ==================== destroy ====================
+
   destroy(): void {
     this.clearFlightFallbackTimer();
     this.hideLoadingOverlay();
+    this.isBatchPopupMode = false;
+    this.clearBatchPopupPostRenderSync();
+    this.clearBatchPopups();
+    this.hidePopup();
+    if (this.removePostRenderListener) {
+      this.removePostRenderListener();
+      this.removePostRenderListener = null;
+    }
     this.destroyAllPointLayers();
     this.pointLayerRegistry.clear();
     this.baseLayerRegistry.clear();
@@ -620,6 +1076,12 @@ export class MapCesium implements MapInterface {
 
   initPopupOverlay(popupContainer: HTMLDivElement): void {
     this.popupElement = popupContainer;
+    if (this.popupElement) {
+      this.popupElement.style.display = 'none';
+      this.popupElement.style.position = 'absolute';
+      this.popupElement.style.transform = 'translate(-50%, calc(-100% - 10px))';
+      this.popupElement.style.pointerEvents = 'none';
+    }
   }
 
   // ==================== Step 3: 锚点展示 ====================